India in 2050

India is the Country of diversity. It is the beauty if diversity that makes india a very unique country in every aspect be it technical, scientific, social, or environmental. Every Indian is worth of accomplishing every task that can flourishes the economy of the nation. Even history has proved that Indians are worth gems for world in the form of the vivekanand, mahatma Gandhi, mother Teresa, satuyajit ray, sam pitroda and many to specify. It is proved that we Indians has more innovativeness than many other public in the world. Then the question stuck in our mind that according to current situation how india will look in 2050? What will be its socio-economic status, science and technological development, living standard and other related fields?Though having busy roads, tight schedule, population density, health hazards etc., we Indians are still proud of our culture. in spite of serving MNC’s with cheap labour, still being the biggest reason of success of our culture that foc us on eco-friendliness, our actions that we though indirectly indulge in serving humanity.India has experienced extraordinary population growth: between 2001 and 2011 India added 181 million people to the world, slightly less than the entire population of Brazil. But 76 per cent of India’s population lives on less than US$2 per day (at purchasing power parity rates). India ranks at the bottom of the pyramid in per capita-level consumption indicators not only in energy or electricity but in almost all other relevant per capita-level consumption indicators, despite high rates of growth in the last decade.Much of India’s population increase has occurred among the poorest socio-economic percentile. Relatively socio-economically advanced Indian states had a fertility rate of less than 2.1 in 2009 — less than the level needed to maintain a stable population following infant mortality standards in developed nations.But in poorer states like Bihar, fertility rates were nearer to 4.0.  Does this growth mean India can rely on the ‘demographic dividend’ to spur development? This phenomenon, which refers to the period in which a large proportion of a country’s population is of working age, is said to have accounted for between one-fourth and two-fifths of East Asia’s ‘economic miracle’ as observed late last century.But India is not East Asia. Its population density is almost three times the average in East Asia and more than eight times the world average of 45 people per square kilometre. If India has anywhere near 1.69 billion people in 2050, it will have more than 500 people per square kilometre. Besides, in terms of infrastructure development India currently is nowhere near where East Asian nations were before their boom. In terms of soft to hard infrastructure, spanning education, healthcare, roads, electricity, housing, employment growth and more, India is visibly strained.For example, India has an instal led energy capacity of little more than 200 gigawatts; China has more than 1000 gigawatts and aims to generate 600 gigawatts of clean electricity by 2020. To make matters worse, many of the newly installed power stations in India face an acute shortage of coal, and future supply is not guaranteed. China mines close to four billion tonnes of coal per year, which has a negative effect on both local and global air quality.At some stage, it is probably inevitable that India will need much greater capacity than its present rate of mining 600 million tonnes of coal per year, which is also causing local and global pollution levels to rise — parts of India face air quality problems similar to those in China. On oil, India imports close to 80 per cent of its crude oil requirements, while it also runs an unsustainable current account deficit of more than 5 per cent of its GDP, and reserves for new energy sources like shale gas do not look promising either.India’s food supply is in an even worse position. As a member of India’s Planning Commission put it, ‘we have a problem and it can be starkly put in the following way: around 2004–2005,  our per capita food grains production was back to the 1970s level’. In 2005–07, the average Indian consumed only 2,300 calories per day — below the defined poverty line in rural areas of 2,400 calories a day. The trend in recent years is for Indians to eat even less.So, for India, treating lightly Malthusian predictions about food supply until 2050 or beyond may not be prudent. Worldwide food prices have been on the rise to unforeseen levels, and India too has been suffering from high food inflation.Finally, even if India manages to feed its burgeoning population, its growth may not be ecologically sustainable. The global demand for water in 2050 is projected to be more than 50 per cent of what it was in 2000, and demand for food will double. On average, a thousand tons of water is required to produce one ton of food grains. It’s not surprising, then, that international disputes about water have increasingly been replicated among states in India, where the Supreme Court is frequently asked to intervene.The probable answer is that policy makers have failed miserably on all measurable counts. If one compares India to China this becomes clear. While China’s one-child policy has been criticised as against human dignity and rights — and there is no denying that such measures should be avoided as far as possible — the history of human civilization teaches us that extreme situations call for extreme actions. There will be ample time for multiple schools to have their post-mortems on the success and failure of the one-child policy, but it has helped China to control its population by a possible 400 million people.There are still millions of people still surviving in india on income of less than one dollar a day . India will never be cons ider developed country unless and until the poverty, hunger and pain of the poor on the streets and those living in the slums is curbed. According to the wealth report 2012 by  knightfrunk and citi private bank, india will emerge as the economic superpower in 2050, beating U.S. and china with a GDP of $85.97 trillion and india will also witness an economic growth of 8% by 2050.There must be upward mobility in economic terms and recognisation is through performance and results, and not through other metrics which suit special interest groups. Indian high-tech companies should create their own top position in the world by indentifying world and fulfilling those by leveraging technologies. They should identify what services need to be developed and delivered to meet the need of our underdeveloped population to improve health-care, education and new economic models to benefit backward sections of the society. The high-tech industry is going through disruptive changes because of transi tion to cloud- delivered services.Thus an Optimistic view of emerging india as a fully developed not only as a superpower nation but also as a wholesome development in the fields of health, education, business, urban and special emphesis on rural development with a poverty free, slum free, high employment opportunity are the thoughts and dreams that every Indian might be seeing. with the efforts of all of us we will surely see our proud INDIA IN 2050 as a prousperous, happy and overally developed nation.

Importance of Time Essay

Time is precious. It is invaluable. It is one of the powerful factors. Our life is measured in terms of time. We grow in time, live in time and perish in time. Time is fleeting. It is changing. It never stops. Neither does it wait for anyone. Time once lost is lost for ever. It can never be regained. It can never be captured. It is the most potent factor. Even the strongest and powerful monarchs have been helpless before time. Even they could not command time to stop. So, we should be careful about the importance of time. We should never waste it. We are successful in life only when we make the best use of time. Time is the most influential factor in this world. It is abstract. Everything in this world is commanded and decided by time. Nobody can escape the hold of time. It is the time which gives us the opportunity to make use of it. Those who make best use of time and avail those opportunities grow and rise in life. Those who waste their time lag behind. They fail to make any mark in life. He is the wisest who makes the best use of time. He rises to the great heights who keep pace with the time. â€Å"A stitch in time save nine† is a popular maxim. It highlights the importance of time in life. It means that an act done in time saves from inconvenience and trouble. It brings reward. It is gainful and it saves from hassle and confusion. Unnecessary delay and lazy attitude towards one’s assigned duty is very dangerous. The great men of the world rose to fame, glory and success because they always made best use of their time. They made a mark in time. They became immortal. They are guide and source of inspiration for generations to come. To ensure best use of time in life, one needs to be very punctual. Punctuality avoids inconvenience and tension. It offers great opportunity, which, if struck properly brings big results. Opportunity once lost is hardly regained. Proper use of time brings success and achievements. Doing everything in time should be the guiding principle of life. Man has limited years to live, but there is lots of work to do. So, he should live a purposeful life. He should make maximum use of each and every moment. Time is precious. It should be valued. We should make use of it in best possible way. Just imagine and suppose that there is a bank account that credits your account each morning with $86,400. It carries over no balance from day to day. Every evening the bank deletes whatever part of the balance you failed to use during the day. What would you do? Draw out every cent, of course? Each of us has such a bank account. It’s name is TIME. Every morning, it credits you with 86,400 seconds. Every night it writes off as lost, whatever of this you have failed to invest to a good purpose. It carries over no balance. It allows no over draft. Each day it opens a new account for you. Each night it burns the remains of the day. If you fail to use the day’s deposits, the loss is yours. There is no drawing against â€Å"tomorrow. † You must live in the present on today’s deposits. Invest it so as to get from it the utmost in Health, Happiness and Success! The clock is ticking! Make the most of today. To realise the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade. To realise the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who has given birth to a premature baby. To realise the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper. To realise the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet. To realise the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who just missed a train. To realise the value of ONE SECOND, ask someone who just avoided an accident. To realise the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal at the Olympics. Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with. And remember time waits for no one. I suggest you to watch the animation movie â€Å"KungFu Panda† in which old tortoise Kung Fu Master advises fat Panda in such words: â€Å"Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That’s why its called the present†.

Personal space Essay

Most social situations North Americans require a comfort zone of six to eight square feet per person, and any violation of that buffer can trigger a reaction (Bowen). â€Å"People use avoidance responses,† says Robert Sommer, a psychologist at the University of California-Davis and author of the book Personal Space (qtd. in Bowen). But where does the standard of personal space come from? According to Sommer, â€Å"a comfort distance for conversation varies from culture to culture.† Because Mediterranean and Asian countries are more densely populated, their personal space zones are much closer to the body than those of North Americans and Northern Europeans (qtd. in Bowen). The westerns are certainly planning on keeping this standard in the future. In fact, the world’s population is increasing at an incredible rate. Even the country offers its citizens plenty of spaces everywhere; they have to learn to make compromises on their personal space not only to accept the inevitable reality but also for the benefit of this compromise. First of all, urban Americans should make compromises on personal space when they are using public transportations. The New York City subway system is a really great representative example of personal space; the total number of urban citizens is more than 18 million, thus making the subway system extremely crowded every day. But even during the rush hours, the passengers are still careful about their distance with the others. If one person has a minor physical contact with someone and doesn’t express the apology, the other person will raise their voice instantly and say â€Å"excuse me† and certainly feels offended. This is totally unnecessary, especially during the rush hours, because some people might be late for work or school already, and someone might be thinking about today’s schedule. The rest of them are doing things that indeed catch their attention. Under such circumstances, it’s highly possible for passengers to have minor physical contact with others out of negligence they don’t notice. On the other hand, there is Shanghai, the second largest city in China with more than 20 million residents and most of them use the subway for daily transportation. It’s even more crowded compared to the New York City subway. So close to each other with their shoulders and backs passengers may nudge 2 or 3 persons at the same time, and they have been totally adapted to this situation without any discomfort. The Tokyo subway  system passengers have even less personal space during the rush hours. The metro staff will push the passengers back so that more people will have the opportunity to get in the train in the morning. What are the passengers’ reactions? They don’t feel offended at all. They are actually grateful because all of them can get to work on time, and their personal sacrifice is helping many people. Their joint efforts make the subway system much more efficient and indeed prevent lots of unpleasant arguments. â€Å"When they’re moving, they tend to keep a distance of three or four steps so as not to violate each other’s personal space.† said Larry Gould, director of operations analysis at New York City Transit (qtd. in Gardy). But the sheer density of the population is giving the Chinese a very different sense of personal space (Toy, 2). â€Å"Personal spaces overlap,† said Stuart Strother, an economist who has lived in China and who wrote a travel guide, â€Å"Living Abroad in China†. â€Å"It’s not that you don’t have any personal space, but I may have to share your space,† he said. Perhaps as a consequence, Strother said, pointing at and touching people, even total strangers, is not considered rude (Toy). There’s also another interesting phenomenon. You will never see two strangers sitting together in the New York City subway if there’s empty space somewhere else. The definition for â€Å"empty† means nobody is sitting next to you, and there’s at least one seat separating you from your surroundings. Most of the time, even during the rush hours, passengers prefer to stand rather than take the single seat between two passengers. Based on Robert Sommer’s theory, â€Å"The violation of personal space increases tension levels enormously (qtd. in Bowen)†. In other words, urban Americans prefer to sacrifice many things in order to sustain their high standard of personal space. But with the expansion of population, Americans eventually have to make compromises on personal space. So why not prepare to adjust the situation ahead of time? There’re also many benefits if they’re willing to do so. The most direct benefit is to increase the capacity of the train; more passengers can get in the train if most of them are willing to have less personal space. On top of that, more empty seats will be occupied if they sit close to each other. The amounts of seats are designed for a reason; it’s common to see 3 people occupy 4 or more seats. They sit apart simply because they want to have more personal space. Nothing bad will happen if  Americans make compromises on personal space. Urban Americans don’t need to create those invisible walls to protect themselves. They probably waste a great opportunity to make new friends sitting away from each other in the subway. Society will be filled with harmony and peace if people are not so suspicious and stop creating those invisible walls subconsciously. Lots of Americans are having a hard time adjusting to Chinese culture during their visit in Chinese cities. Some locals may come to them in order to take photos with the foreigners. Other locals are probably looking at the foreigners out of curiosity. Those actions are really common in China but the Americans are quite sensitive to those actions and sometimes feel offended. Their invisible walls are necessary to isolate them but indeed increase the tension levels. Americans’ perceptions and standards of personal space are definitely hard to change, but if they do, it always comes with a greater good. The United States is currently the No.1 country in the world, which receives millions of immigrants every year. By receiving those immigrants, United States not only receives the knowledge but also accepts their different cultural standards. Urban Americans can neither apply all the American standards to new immigrants nor expect them to adopt the entire standards by themselves. Personal space is only the tip of the iceberg, but it’s fairly important to live in the big cultural melting pot of New York. Subway passengers are highly diversified, and there’re probably people from 50 different countries taking the same train at the same time. According to Shuhan Wang, the executive director for Chinese language initiatives at the Asia Society, there’s an old Chinese saying â€Å"you treat other people’s elderly as if they’re your own, and you treat other people’s children as if they’re your own∙∙∙ So in a way, everybody in society is extended family† (qtd. in Toy). This is a good concept that urban Americans should take a look at to make compromises. By lowering the standard of personal space, it will be easier for foreign immigrants to be part of the society, and lower standards are always easier to be adopted gradually. The standards of personal space can also be interpreted through sociological perspective. According to Robert Pepper, a sociology professor at New York Institute of Technology, conflict theory can be used to explain the standards of personal space because people are competing for scarce resources; every single passenger would like to  have some extra space in the subway especially during the rush hour. He used the term â€Å"ethnocentrism† to suggest that Americans to make compromises on personal space. He believes Americans should not place their own cultural group above the rest. The standards of personal space are definitely different based on the culture, and the Americans should respect all customs and religions. â€Å"Chinese society emphasizes a collective mentality over an individualistic one.† said Stuart Strother (qtd. in Toy). But the American culture is exactly the opposite, thus making it even harder for urban Americans to accept. Having the idea of individualism, Americans are rewarded for behaving independently, making their own plans, and working toward achieving their personal goals. Under such circumstance, individuals are hired and promoted largely based on individual achievement and qualifications (â€Å"Culture†). And the Americans expand this idea of individualism into all areas; they want to be unique, to be easily distinguished from the crowd, and a high standard of personal space is definitely necessary. Chinese people are different, they emphasize the idea of the group, and everyone in the group shares things equally, so no one is necessarily better than the rest. People will stay together to achieve the group goal. No one wants to be unique because if you are unique that means you are isolated. The overall impact from high population density and idea of big groups are helping the Chinese adjust the lower standard of personal space in the long run. If Americans could learn some of the concepts, it will be much easier for them to make personal sacrifices in exchange for the greater good of the society. But some people may argue that lack of personal space can indicate people’s lack of manners and this is not right. In Lee, Patrick P’s article â€Å"Rush Hour,† he introduced his own life experience in Hong Kong which at the time was still a British colony. Hong Kong adopted the language, social order, peoples’ perceptions of things and especially manners. They are taught with the British gentlemen’s style, but on the other hand, there’s no need to say â€Å"excuse me† in the subway, or any doorway. The locals aren’t being rude when they invade your personal space. They simply need to go everywhere, nowhere, fast. In tiny and overcrowded Hong Kong, the concept of â€Å"personal space† is a luxury which one can’t afford and probably doesn’t exist (Lee, 2). This kind of situation will eventually happen in big US cities. If they’re making the compromise now, it  can be beneficial in the long run. The United States doesn’t have mandatory birth control which will inevitably make the population expansion even faster, and as a result the personal space will shrink. So to be prepared ahead of time is always a good thing. The younger generation will have different mind sets in the future in order to adjust the situation. Driven by individualism, urban Americans are treating their personal space as one of their birth rights. It’s complicated even verbally to ask them to make compromises on their personal space. But the whole world population just passed 7 billion 1 month ago; this inevitable reality should give urban Americans a wakeup call. If they choose to live in the big cities, they’re going to have to face the overcrowded society. They’re going to feel disappointed because their old standards cannot apply anymore. So, make the changes of mind from now and it will eventually give them greater benefits. They can have a good mood to start the new day with the crowded subway, if they’re willing to make minor sacrifice on personal space. They’re still very gentle persons even they sit next to someone because the society accept the different mind and adapt to the situation of fast expanded population and less personal space. Foreigners won’t feel the indivisible walls anymore because urban Americans don’t need them anymore. The whole society could be filled with harmony and urban Americans could be living more like a big family.

History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport. Academic Essay

History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport. Academic Secondary Sources and Media Sources paper - Essay Example This program aimed at developing and nurturing athletes to win gold medals for the magnificence of East German. These athletes were sacrificed for the glory of the country. These athletes were treated as experimental guinea pigs for performance enhancing drugs and were dropped if they were not productive (Kremenik et al, 2007). However, the facts of the East German case show that the athletes were forced to use the blue steroid pills. The athletes were informed that the pills were vitamin pills. This was a top secret plan that was pioneered by the Olympic head, Ewald (Kremenik et al, 2007). Because of their greed for East German’s magnificence, they lied to the athletes and eventually led to the deterioration of the health condition of numerous athletes. It is imperative to identify that the primary aim of Olympics is not just breaking records, but the feeling of energy that is generated. If athletics was about breaking records then every athlete would make attempts to enhance his or her performance by tying motors on their feet. Doping is a contentious and regular topic in athletics (Pound, 2010). The use of drug enhancing substances not only puts the health of the athlete in danger but also risks losing his or her medal. Athletes represent the vibrancy, human health and the satisfaction of potenti al. This constitutes the reasons why the International Olympics Committee does not allow doping. Notably, doping makes athletics unfair (Pound, 2010). Athletics should be fair and should offer a ground where the athletes are only differentiated by the level of their skills alone. However, the East German case is a different case where the athletes were subjected to the blue steroid pills. The International Olympics Committee was marred with a huge disconnect with scientific research and despite various researches that were

Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Advertisement - Essay Example It is hence no surprise that some advertisements have chosen to depict none other than the master artist himself, Leonardo Da Vinci. The advertisement for the movies Da Vinci Code was one of many advertisements that have opted to select the professional and captivating works of the artist to sell their products. The advertisement uses his painting, the Vitruvian Man. This painting was chosen because it contains a precise and intriguing image style and composition which sketched his impressions of things with realism and precision. The painting is noted as providing the earliest reference to the importance of vortices in fluid motion. This was a factor taken into consideration when selecting the painting to be used for the advertisement. The advertisement is structured in such a way that it links your cognition to the actual paint is original aspects to amplify and emphasize the color and design. To enhance authenticity, a wooden mid-century palette is shown to be used in the design of the painting. This is similar to palettes used by most artists at the time of Leonardo. There is a blend of colors used to smooth out the transition of appearance and structure. Brown and crimson are the main colors used to deliver this fascinating visual appearance which triggers visual appeal from the target consumers. The design characteristics of the advertisement are quite complex. This is because they center on one of the most dynamic paintings by the master artist. The design offers complexity in structure since it is based on a painting made in a renaissance-era where determining ratio and proportion was an extremely important activity because there was no standard monetary unit or standard system of weights and measures. Text is used to further effect the advertisement by fading it in and out relative to the positioning of the image itself. The text fades in at the start and end of the advertisement in accordance to the various proportions of the Vitruvian man.

Case study of an organization that has experienced or is experiencing Essay

Case study of an organization that has experienced or is experiencing an ethical dilemma - Essay Example And despite the corporation’s attempts to clean up its image in the global marketplace, mostly by launching Fair-trade products in various developed countries, recently Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s reputation was damaged even more by the same morally reprehensible tactics it employed decades ago (Merrett, 2007). Our case study, however, will focus expressly on the controversy which Nestlà © Corporation brought upon itself decades ago in the 1970s by utilizing questionable marketing practices in selling its products to vulnerable mothers in developing nations. These practices grant an ideal opportunity to apply normative ethical theories in an evaluative context. The normative theories of interest here will be those of deontology’s duty-centric approach and utilitarianism’s focus upon happiness satisfaction as the highest degree of moral action. This approach will hopefully reveal the rotten core of Nestlà © Corporation’s past treatment of rational beings; whether or not it is the case that the company has truly changed these methods through time remains for another discussion. The present discussion, by focusing upon deontology and utilitarianism specifically, will examine the Kantian concepts of ends, utilitarian notions of value, and the evident lack of moral content backing Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s actions. Nestlà © Corporation dates back to the mid-19th century when American businessmen joined with Henri Nestlà ©, a food developer, to create what would become the centerpiece of the company. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, the company would continue to develop ground-breaking food products. Throughout the 20th century, the firm continued to innovate—growing ever larger through acquisitions and mergers. In recent times, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s line of products has revolved around a wide range of goods, including coffee, water, ice cream, infant foods, seasonings, frozen foods, refrigerated foods, pet foods, and nutritional products (Nestlà © Corporation). The organization’s stated

Factors of production and circular flow of income Coursework - 1

Factors of production and circular flow of income - Coursework Example This assumption is made in order to facilitate deductions from theories, holding all except one variable constant. For example the demand curve is drawn holding all factors affecting demand, except price, constant. (Wessels, 2006) Economics is built upon three concepts of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. Scarcity refers to unlimited wants and limited resources that involve making a choice as resources need to be allocated in alternative uses. All economic agents face the basic economic problem and the choices they make involves a tradeoff. (Wessels, 2006) Economics can be divided into two parts that is Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with individual units such as households, firms, markets etc. for example individual demand for bicycle in the economy, or market demand for cars. On the other side Macroeconomics deals with aggregates and the economy as a whole, i.e. what determines the price of all goods. For example aggregate demand for all goods and serv ices in the economy. (Wessels, 2006) Analyses in economics are based on positive and normative statements. Positive statements refer that can be checked against evidence for example an increase in interest rates encourage savings. While normative statements refer to what should be , for example firms should be encouraged to invest. (Wessels, 2006) Factors of Production Land refers to natural resources that are created by nature and not those earning assets created by man. Labour refers to the physical and mental ability of a human provided to a firm. It includes the part of human population that is willing to provide to economics production. Capital that is also called as ‘reproducible capital’ that is the sum of earning asset created by man, while the last Entrepreneur is the risk taker and organizes other three factors of production. (Mokyr, 1985) There are certain characteristics of different factors of production but two common characteristics in all includes that a ll factors of production are limited in amount and they have alternative uses as well. At any point in time one can increase the amount of land, capital and labour it has but it important to note is that it is finite and cannot increase beyond its fixed a capacity. More over these factors of production can be used to produce many different goods and services and hence are substitutable and interchangeable at many levels. This helps one to decide what, how and for whom to produce. (Goldberg, 2000) Characteristics of labour are important in determining wages and volume of production. Firstly labour is a human factor and the active factor. It has its own will to do anything, likes dislikes and so needs to work along with other factors in production. Also labour is different in efficiency, skills, also is mobile and perishable. Each labour has different efficiency and can be moved between jobs. Quality of labour can be improved by improving its productivity by training, educating workfo rce and by providing them better medical facilities. (Marshall, 2007) Land is the primary and passive factor of production as it is the basis from which production starts and it cannot do anything itself as it has be operated by labour. It could be used in multiple ways such as for agriculture; setting up factory but it

History exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History exam - Essay Example As Reagan reduced taxes, defense expenditure made it unattainable to have a balanced budget. This enlarged budget, coupled with the anti-Soviet campaign, increased America’s debt, as Americans could not contribute due to their reduced tax contributions. Incurred debt was transferred to the government. This led to many Americans experiencing economic hardship; they had to work harder and longer, as they had limited opportunities to progress professionally. Reagan encouraged growth of clandestine segment initiatives. He anticipated being able to reassign some federal responsibilities to the private sector. This initiative led to many developments domestically. Citizens enhanced their livelihoods and spontaneous services increased; domestic competition created growth in the private sector. On the domestic front, Reagan received much credit; he was productive and future-oriented (Knopf, 200). Although Reagan stopping the Vietnam War helped the U.S. maintain peace, it encouraged fresh new attacks from other territories. The Soviet Union consequently bombed an American aircraft, and the country faced attacks from Iran and Lebanon. Because of this, many Americans military groups felt the need to defend their country. This led to antagonism from each side. Americans had to be careful, as it was no longer considered to be peaceful. The Arabs and Lebanese were waiting for a chance to strike. Reagan did not gain favor nationally due to tax discrepancies in Americans’ incomes. This created a divide; some saw themselves as superior (those with a nine percent reduction in taxes), while others (those with a one percent reduction) saw themselves as inferior. These groups could not compromise because they saw themselves as dissimilar societal classes. Reagan enhanced the gap between the underprivileged and the rich. Reagan’s administration formed a

Soil Consolidation during Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soil Consolidation during Construction - Essay Example Generally, any undrained loading or unloading will produce excess pore pressures in the loading area. Hence, construction of any type of infrastructure generates pressure on the soil on which the construction takes place. The excess pore pressures may be positive or negative, depending on the long term steady state pore pressures. In time, these excess pore pressures give rise to hydraulic gradients which cause seepage flow which then results to changes in the volume of the soil. Hence, the changes in soil volume are based upon the changes of effective stress as the excess pore pressures disperse. The gradual reduction in volume of a fully saturated soil of low permeability which is caused when stress is what consolidation refers to. More specifically, consolidation is the union of seepage caused by hydraulic gradients with compression due to the flow of the leakages and changes of effective stress placed against the soil. Consolidation leads to drainage of some of the pore water, which triggers the continuity of soil consolidation until the excess pore water pressure caused by the stress against the soil has completely dispersed. Through the test of time, consolidation leads to settlement of foundations or constructions due to the gradual softening of soil in excavations. Therefore, consolidation settlement is basically the vertical dislocation of the construction as a result of the volume change of soil during the consolidation. Hence, if a building is built over a layer of saturated clay, consolidation settlement will cause a stratum overlying a clay layer. Likewise, if an excavation is made in a saturated clay, crowding, the reverse of settlement, can be observed in the bottom of the excavation. This, on the other hand, is due to swelling of the clay resulting to a gradual increase in volume of the soil. The most basic case of consolidation is that of one-dimensional on which the strain generated against the soil is zero-lateral. One-dimensional consolidation occurs when all seepage flow and the effective stress placed against the soil is vertical. Hence, there should be no radial seepage or strain. If effective lateral stress is placed against the soil, the settlement will occur faster. This is because of the deformation of the soil under undrained conditions, in addition to consolidation settlement. Immediate settlement can be estimated using the results from elastic theory, which will be able to determine the elastic properties of the soil. Furthermore, before a structure is completely conceptualised, the magnitude and the rate of consolidation settlement should first be predicted using effective tools. One of the popular processes used in predicting the progress of consolidation is by setting up piezometers in order to document the change in pore water pressure with time. The scale of consolidation settlement can be determined by recording the levels of appropriate reference points on a construction and in the surface on which it will be built. In such measurement, levelling of the reference points should be accurate, working from a point of reference which is not subject to any type of settlement. During this process, every output should be documented, as this will determine the competence of theoretical methods to be used. The attributes of a soil during one-dimensional consolidation can be measured through oedometer test. This test, developed

Eating Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eating Disorder - Essay Example The second, as Bernard Shaw said, â€Å"Your food is your grave†. I am 23 years old and I have realized that sickness sells at premium and health is at discount. I have seen some of my friends suffer from eating disorders and bouts of depression. They neglect their studies, physically and mentally abuse themselves. I am convinced by observing the real-life examples of my friends that modern education system is one of the important agents to cause eating disorders amongst the combustible younger generation. Eat junk food and other types of fast foods at the wrong time. Eat without time consideration, whether you are hungry or not. On the other extreme, do not eat at all and starve with the sole idea to turn slim. Treat this as an invitation to the eating disorder. The youngsters and adolescent girls have lost the sense of discipline in food intake and have no diet-discipline. The influence of materialistic civilization on the youth is tremendous. The eating disorder impacts the ir personality and once into it, they will have a tough time to recoup the original health and become normal selves again. Newspaper, television and glamorous advertisements convey the wrong message to the adolescent girls that their bodies are imperfect and perfection can be attained with the help of fasting, diet and cosmetics. They render immense disservice to the culture of America with interference in the normal life of girls. Surgery and diet control measures are offered at fabulous prices with promise of reducing weight in short periods. Girls are lured into it, accept it without being aware of the side effects and suffer in the long run. These are some of the important causes for eating disorder, according to me. Eating disorder can be challenged and overcome. If you are a student, listen to the real life experience of the seniors, read literature that gives positive direction to conquer eating disorder and give your body the food it needs, neither less or more. Make a timet able, calorie-wise schedule of the food items that you are going to take and stick to it. My female cousin who stays in the same community at a distance of about a mile from my house has gone through this ordeal of eating disorder. Both families have close interaction, and we all meet quite often in social/family functions. The problem with the combustible younger generation, especially the adolescent girls, is that they are not willing to listen to the first-hand experiences of others. When she began to lose weight, I enquired of her what the issue was. Slimming was her only goal then and she was not inclined to adopt some golden rules of healthy lifestyle. I counseled for hours against her voluntary efforts to destroy her health, but she said that she enjoyed suffering but wished to get slimmer. This is the story of my stubborn cousin. She is an ardent devotee of the cult of thinness that has influenced the turbulent mindset of the young girls. I say turbulent, because even a marg inal increase in the body weight increases their tension. She is younger of the two daughters and they are a happy family. Somebody in the party told her, â€Å"You have put on weight,† and that is the beginning of her journey of worry†¦ I went on a posting to another city, and though I remained in contact with her over the phone, for a personal interaction with her I had to wait for about two years. When I returned back to the city, she expressed her eagerness to meet me urgently and she had a wealth of information to share with me about her sufferings for the last two years. â€Å"I am feeling much better now,† she said with a sigh. Here is her part of the story: â€Å"On listening to that one pound increase remark in the party two years ago, I really panicked. I came home and checked my weight, and the increase

Forces that Shaped Women Essay Example for Free

Forces that Shaped Women Essay Indeed, it can be said that what has become of the women of the present day is shaped by forces other than the history. It is easy to discern that the history has been filled with stories of great men and had been mostly the chronicles of the undertakings of the males. Thus, it has focused only on them and their recounting. Also, it could be noticed that even the history, whether it be local or in relation to the international arena, is divided according to the male dominants of that time. They become the stone that reminded everyone of that point in the history. Although, it is not to be taken in general but it is that which prevails. Therefore, with the foregoing statement, it could really be justified that there are forces that shaped women to what they have been now. These forces prove to be more important than the history, which is leaning towards the men, and has not relied solely on the importance of the history but rather, on the other driving forces. What the woman has achieved right now is to be credited to the Women’s Movement. It is the beginning of cooperative efforts that fought against the oppression and the inequality they feel when it comes to gender relations. It was not a bloody revolution as depicted in wars, but a revolution of nobility but still with hardships encountered. The women’s movement started with an afternoon of tea on July 13, 1848. As Elizabeth Cady Stanton was invited with four friends for a cup of tea in New York, their conversations fell into the situation of women with regards to rights and freedom, which sparked the initiative to start a revolution that would end the gender oppression (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). This same group of women also organized the convention they called â€Å"A Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of woman† (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). It was in this convention that the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted and approved by the women attendees, including the right to suffrage (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). From these situation, it could be said that legislation and advocacy shaped women. The laws that favored them and also those which oppressed them have contributed much to what they are right now in the society. It may be more or less good that resulted to either uplifting or further depression of the women in the society. Moreover, the women of today, given the right to an education, have the chance to gain knowledge and insights within the academe (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). The wave of feminism has gone over to the institutions to bring about the change needed and to heighten the awareness of the people regarding the state of women (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). Therefore, the academe served as an avenue for the exchange of ideas and the breeding ground for the empowerment of women and served as one of the contributory factors that shaped women to what it is today (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). It is, however, to be noted that the academe only gave the chance to the women who have the capacity and the ability to enter the institution and have formal education. This will narrow down the number of women who can have the chance to reap the fruits of the driving force of women empowerment in the academe. Still, this institution served the purpose of creating an impact to the women. Also, it can be said that the women were shaped by the literature written by the intellects and experts in the field of women studies (Jackson and Jones, p. 5). The ideas of these people have perpetuated the soul and are expected to have an impact on the way the woman are. The existing literature regarding the field in practice and in theory will add up to the knowledge and awareness of women about themselves. More specifically, these theories on feminism created are â€Å"women generating knowledge about women and gender for women† (italics supplied by author) (Jackson and Jones, p. 1). It will also make them more visible and will help in the mainstreaming of women in the different portions of the society. The more literature is written about the women, the greater are the chances, too, of making them more apparent in the society and will make the whole world know that there are actually changes that are happening with the women. Slowly, it will help perpetuate fields which were previously handled by men. In the history, especially with the philosophical thinkers, most of them were men and the ideas they convey are, of course, from the viewpoint of women. The slightest taint of women in their writings is visible, if there are even any. With the help of authors, both men and women, who write about the women, more and more is known and they become incorporated into the scene of the society. Lately, different fields, some are even unexpected, have been involving women and they even succeeded. These fields give women the chance to excel and realize their full potential. Also, the role of the media, through its different mediums, is of great importance to shaping women (Thornham, p. 231). It is the fastest way of communicating to people which made advocacy and exchange of ideas a lot easier and accessible to all. Also, it can highlight the success of women in the different fields and will give an update of how they are faring especially with the issues. However, it could also influence the mindset of the women when it comes to what is expected of them. The current trends in fashion, the role expected by them of the society, the behavior they have to manifest, the attitude, and others of the same kind are being given by media the emphasis it deserves to change the line of though of women. Still, the importance of the history of women can not be totally set aside. It gives out the chronicles of important facts and will serve as a reminder to the women of today. The historical accounts regarding women are, because of their great distinction from men, are being given special shelves in certain libraries. Some also have built their own website to serve as electronic references for greater accessibility. Others may have used other forms such as paintings and other forms of art. All of these are intended to keep the fire burning and to let the people know that there existed such a thing. The books that contained literature about women’s history proves that the women had experienced a colorful and distinct past, which are not included in most ordinary history books. Different fields have their own different history such as that in sports. They highlight how the women evolved to what it currently is. It deserves special attention since books can be found in any library and can easily be located anywhere. Also, not far from the books are those articles about women in the internet. These are made available for those who do not have access to libraries or would simply want to have a faster means of seeing the past of the women. However, it is to be noted that some electronic articles go unchecked before published so it is better to be careful about historical accounts they present. Art can also be used as a very convenient and convincing way of representing women. It can give a figurative representation of women that will most clearly capture the situation of the women in the past and can give a better picture and understanding to those who chose to see it today. Another form where women’s past is represented might be through the movies and documentaries that are being produced through films, nowadays. There is the fact that some people do not have the patience to go through long articles or to identify and capture the meaning of an art. The moving picture can easily and entertainingly give the audience the chance to have a background on what transpired in the past. The history of women should not be gone into oblivion. The entitlements and the benefits enjoyed by the present generation of women are things which should be thanked for and should not be treated as something that came as natural as being born. It is a claim that was made for a long span of time and still is in continuance. Works Cited Eisenberg, B. and Ruthsdotter, M. â€Å"History of the Movement. † Living the Legacy: The Women’s Rights Movement 1848-1998. 1998. National Women’s History Project. 26 September 2007 http://www. legacy98. org/move-hist. html. Jackson, S. and Jones, J. â€Å"Thinking for Ourselves: An Introduction to Feminist Theorising. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 1-5. Thornham, S. â€Å"Feminist Media and Film Theory. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 231.

OxyContin Essay Example for Free

OxyContin Essay 1. Article Summary: OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse The article â€Å"OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse† by Inciardi and Goode provides detailed overview of drug problem in the United States. In particular, the authors discuss OxyContin, its prescriptions, diversification and problems which may appear after its using. The authors argue that the patterns of drug abuse has been changed – drugs are emerging and disappearing from drug scene, and it is more difficult for scientists to analyze which drug may cause the most severe addiction. OxyContin was firstly introduced to American market in the very end of 20th century and it was used in pain management. OxyContin is claimed to be unique as it provides patients with long-term relief from heavy pains, especially it is useful for patients who have been suffering from chronic pains for many years. Nevertheless, in the recent years the attitude towards OxyContin has changed as researchers claim it has negative affect on patients’ health causing addiction and increasing abuse potential. However, medical effects are still appreciated. Oxycodone is an active component of OxyContin and it has been used for centuries in pain management. The authors define oxycodone as â€Å"a semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic most often prescribed for moderate to severe pain, chronic pain syndromes, and terminal cancers†. (Inciardi Goode, p.17) Oxycodone is very effective in management pain if it is supervised by physicians. The uniqueness of OxyContin is that it contains aspirin, whereas others oxycodone medications don’t. In such a way, OxyContin is able to lengthen and increase efficiency of oxycodone. Physicians say that OxyContin is able to ensure pain relief for about 12 hours, although it is argued that it may become alleged abuse. Clinical tests show that OxyContin is effective analgesic in patients with moderate and severe pains. Nevertheless, Food and Drug Administration stress that OxyContin carry high abuse risk as it acts similar to narcotic substances. Thus, use of OxyContin should be carefully managed, in particular in patients with higher risk of substance abuse. Additionally, OxyContin is claimed to carry a boxed warning known as ‘black box’. The authors admit that â€Å"although there are several sources of national data on drug abuse that have been operated for decades, the collection of specific data on OxyContin abuse is quite recent†. (Inciardi Goode, p.19) One of the government-sponsored studies shows that drug abuse is higher among high school students, adolescents and young adults. This report dates 1975, whereas OxyContin studies appeared only in 2002. According officially collected data of 2002, it is revealed that about 3-4% of 8th, 12th and 10th graders have used this medication at least one time during the year. One more interesting fact is that the use of Vicodin was significantly higher than that of OxyContin. Medical examination of deaths during the period of 2000-2001 showed that about 950 deaths were related to oxycodone use. Statistic is shocking and the question appears: how can oxycodone be effective and, at the same time, so fatal. About 49% out of 950 deaths were associated with OxyContin abuse – 146 deaths were ‘OxyContin verified’ and 318 deaths were ‘OxyContin likely’. Medical experts argue that the death â€Å"may be a result of overdose induced by a combination of substances, not just the oxycodone itself†. (Inciardi Goode, p.19) OxyContin abuse was firstly reported in rural Maine, and then in Appalachia and Ohio Village. These regions appeared to be at the highest risks as rural areas are more isolated and have less information about addiction effects of oxycondone. Summing up, the authors argue that OxyContin abuse is still on the rise. 2. Two Articles: Compare and Contrast Similar to the article â€Å"OxyContin and Prescription Drug Abuse† by Inciardi and Goode, the article â€Å"Misuse of Pharmaceuticals Linked to More ER Visits† by Donna Leinwand discusses the problem of substance abuse in the United States. Leinwand adds that the problem is worsening because of over-the-counter drugs: â€Å"Overdoses of prescription and over-the-counter drugs are sending more people than ever to emergency rooms†. (Leinwand, p.12) However, the primary difference in authors’ positions is that Leinwand defends position that the problem with drug abuse is attributed to pharmaceuticals, whereas Inciardi and Goode argue that people prefer overdosing themselves to manage pain. Leinwand stresses that, according official rates, there were more than 613,000 cases of overdosing cocaine and heroine, whereas the number of improper prescriptions is about 598,000. Inciardi and Goode say that OxyContin is very effective in pain management; although they stress that it is at risk to develop addiction. However, they still recommend OxyContin prescription if it is supervised by professional. In contrast, Leinward argues that it is necessary to prevent drug abuse even if it is effective in pain management by re-shaping and re-evaluating approaching to dealing addictions – firstly, by seeking for new medications with no addiction effects. Pharmaceuticals should be very careful with drug prescription as misuse may result in severe addiction. Both Leinwand and Inciardi and Goode consider hydrocodone and oxycodone as the most common drugs associated with overdose as they are narcotic painkillers. They argue that oxycodone abuse is still on the rise – up to 24% increase in overdose over the past years. Medical use of narcotic painkillers has grown and the authors recommend proper management and finding new effective painkillers with lower addiction risk as â€Å"these are beneficial drugs, and we want people to have access, but these are also substances that can be easily abused†. (Leinwand, p.12) Summing up, both articles are professional, well-developed and properly supported studies of the drug abuse problem in the United States. The authors provide theoretical and practical framework by offering official statistics, opinions of medical experts, etc. These articles set the background for further researches in drug abuse field.

Knowledge And Skill Among Nurses Health And Social Care Essay

Knowledge And Skill Among Nurses Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is a systematic search of a published work to gain information about a research topic (Polit and Hungler). This chapter deals with the related literature review which aids to generate a picture of what is known and not known about a particular situation. The literature review was based on extensive survey of books, journals and international nursing studies. A review of literature relevant to the study was undertaken which helped the investigator to develop insight into the problem and gain information on what has been done in the past. An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad foundation for the study and a conceptual framework framed based on Hildegard peplus interpersonal theory to proceed with the study under the following headings. The logical sequence of the chapter is organized in the following section: 2.1 Part I Reviews related to effectiveness of essential newborn care module on knowledge and skill among nurses. 2.2 Part II : Reviews related to knowledge and skill of newborn resuscitation among nurses. 2.1 Part 1: Reviews related to effectiveness of essential newborn care module on knowledge and skill among nurses. Joshi, P. (2012) conducted a randomized controlled trail, to evaluate the knowledge and skills of essential newborn care among student nurses. After the training on essential newborn care the student nurses knowledge and skills score were gained than before training. The study concluded thus using essential newborn care as new technology in class room teaching may be an effective method. Garclrs, A., et al. (2012) conducted population based, prospective, interventional pre post design study on essential newborn care course among traditional birth attendants. This study analyzed the effect of training and implementation of the essential newborn care. The study concluded that the essential newborn care training reduced still births. Scale-up of this intervention in other settings help to assess reproducibility. Elliott-Carter N., Harper J (2012) stated that, keeping mother and newborn together during the time immediately after delivery has several benefits, which is the components of essential newborn care. A new care delivery model was instituted so the women who delivered by cesarean were able to recover with their infants and the outcome has been very positive with increased satisfaction as well as the promotion of breast feeding and maternal infant bonding. Sodani PR, Sharma K (2011) conducted a case study on essential newborn care at Baratpur. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and evaluated. The result showed that in the communities the infrastructure of newborn care unit should have adequate facility and community health centre birth attenders should have knowledge and practice in newborn care. Pradhan Y V., et al. (2011) stated an over view of implementation of essential newborn care program. Effective implementation of community based intervention program are an essential step to avert newborn death, in settings where the health facilities are unable to effectively deliver the intervention. Saravanan S., et al (2011) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of essential newborn care program during delivery and in community care in developing countries. The aim of the study to assess the post training program and in disseminating evidence based knowledge on essential newborn care program. The finding suggested that the training program improve the knowledge and practice among birth attendants. Goudar, SS., et al. (2011) conducted a community based cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of WHO essential newborn care course on perinatal mortality among birth attendants, Karnataka, India. Using a pre post design WHO essential newborn care community birth attendant training resulted in a significant reduction in perinatal mortality. In low resource settings, the newborn care training package appears to be an effective intervention to decrease perinatal mortality. Matendo R., et al (2011) conducted a secondary analysis on the effect of training of essential newborn care program among traditional birth attendants and midwives in Democratic Republic of Congo. The study revealed that training midwives and birth attendants reduces perinatal mortality after the training. There was a gradual but significant decline in neonatal mortality during the year following essential newborn care training which was independently associated with following training. Manasyan A., et al (2011) conducted the study to evaluate the WHO essential newborn care training in Zambia. Data were extracted the effectiveness of essential newborn care was evaluated. Training of essential newborn care was given to clinical midwives in their first level facilities. Before and after study of the effect of essential newborn care was evaluated. The result showed that, after the training neonatal mortality decreased from 11.5 per 1000 to 6.8 per 1000 live births. Samson LF (2011) stated that, the training on essential newborn care among midwives in low cost intervention reduces the neonatal mortality. Newborn infants need some form of assistance after birth. Only 1% will require more advanced form of care. Because the rare events cannot be always anticipated, pediatricians and neonatologist may not be readily available and the care should be performed but the nurses. Provision of essential newborn care training may improve the knowledge among midwives. Grady K., et al., (2011) conducted an observational study to assess the effectiveness of essential newborn care are key strategies for reducing newborn mortality and morbidity globally. Lack of adequately trained competent staff is a key barrier to achieving this. Assessed the effectiveness of a new package of Life Saving Skills Essential Newborn Care Training designed specifically around the UN signal functions in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Among 600 healthcare providers (nurse-midwives, doctors, clinical officers and specialists), knowledge about the child birth as well as newborn care significantly increased. There was measurable improvement in skills, and participants expressed a high level of satisfaction with the training. The training package was found to meet the needs of healthcare providers, increased awareness of the need for evidence-based care and encouraged teamwork. Adhisivam B., et al., (2010) in Indian pediatric articles stated that the effectiveness of essential newborn care a need to reorient nursing staff. Improvement of knowledge and skills reduces the mortality and morbidity of newborn and maternal morbidity level. Newborn needs some kinds of assistance in the external environment. The reorientation of essential newborn care increases the newborn care among nurses. Kirkwood BR., et al., (2009) conducted a Newhints cluster randomized trial to evaluate the impact on package on essential newborn care intervention. The study aims in Ghana, to develop a feasible and sustainable community-based approach to improve newborn care practices and improved neonatal survival. The result stated that the package intervention should significant improvement in knowledge and skills among birth attendants. Darmstadt GL., et al (2009) conducted the study cluster-randomized controlled trial among birth attendants in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. The level and cause-structure of neonatal mortality in the local population must be considered in developing interventions.The study emphasis the programs must ensure skilled care during childbirth. The findings shows the programe reduced the primary causes of the death. Primary outcome measures were immediate newborn care behaviors, knowledge of danger signs, care seeking for neonatal complications, and neonatal mortality. Carlo, WA.,et al.(2010) conducted a pre experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of essential newborn care program in improving knowledge, skills and self-efficacy among nurses working in low risk delivery clinics in USA. After training, written scores improved from 57% to 80%, performance scores improved from 74% to 90%. The study revealed that essential newborn care training program has the potential to substantially improve the knowledge and skills of essential newborn care. Opiyo, N., English, M. (2010) conducted a study to investigate the effectiveness in-service training on essential newborn care among health workers in Kenya. Independently selected the study and abstracted data using a standardized form to assess the study quality. The study results shows there were significant improvement in performance reduction in the potentially harmful practice and improvement in the delivery room following implementation of essential newborn care training. Ariff, S. Soofi, S.B. (2010) conducted a need assessment analysis on knowledge and practice of neonatal care among health care providers in the public sector of Pakistan. The nurses knowledge was good with 30% scoring more than 70% and 50% were able to demonstrate steps of immediate newborn care. The study revealed that training of health worker is very vital to address the gaps and to develop continuing education modules. Monebenimp, F., et al. (2009) conducted an observational study to evaluate the competence of health care providers towards newborn care at birth in Cameroon. The results showed that there is a need to reinforce the ability of health care providers by training in WHO essential newborn care with emphasis on providing skills on essential newborn care in order to reduce the burden neonatal related deaths. Kesterton, AJ., Cleland J. (2009) conducted a prospective survey among birth attendants in Karnataka. An interview schedule was done individually and found that many potentially harmful newborn practices are being carried out in that area. A package of essential newborn care practices exists, which has a proven impact on reducing newborn mortality. Successful implementation of essential newborn care package increased the knowledge. Vittner, D. (2009) in his articles on essential newborn care states that, the newborn intensive care unit is technology focused and crisis driven. Working in that area demands technical competence as well as the emotional aptitude to ensure that infant should care in the environment of basic humanness. Essential newborn skills that enhances the nursing profession. In an effort to make change in newborn intensive care unit have to incorporate reflective process to prepare the nurses to improve their knowledge in implementing essential newborn care. Vidal SA., et al. (2009) conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of two training strategies for improving essential newborn care in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. . Doctors and nurses working at hospitals in Group 1 were given a conventional 5-day training course. Those in Group 2 were given the same manual used by Group 1 but the training course was organized as self-directed learning, with the participants having 5 weeks to complete the course. Participants knowledge was tested at baseline, immediately after the course. Participants practices were observed before training and knowledge were tested by interview method. The result showed that improved knowledge and skills. Agrawal PK., et al.(2009) conducted study and explored the knowledge of essential newborn health care practices among community health workers, Anganwadi workers and auxiliary nurse midwives in rural India. Using principle component analysis, knowledge scores for preventive care and danger signs were computed separately. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted effect of knowledge level. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to account for clustering there were significantly higher improvement in knowledge and skills compared with those with control group. Knowledge is one of the crucial aspects of health systems to improve the coverage of community-based newborn health care programe as well as adherence to essential newborn care practices at the care level. Chomba E., et al. (2008) conducted controlled study to test the effect of WHO essential newborn care training on neonatal mortality by education among nurses in first level urban community health centers Zambia. Protocols and essential newborn care certified course were given. The data were collected after one week. The study showed that essential newborn care training is associated with decreased in early neonatal mortality, rates from 11.2% to 6.2% after the training. Osrin D., et al. (2008) conducted the study to implementing a community based participatory intervention to improve the effectiveness of essential newborn care with women and other key members in community in rural Nepal. Each group moved through a participatory assessment, sharing experiences, planning, action and reassessment, with the aim of improving essential newborn care. Outcomes assessed are neonatal mortality rates, health care seeking and referral. The result showed that implementing essential newborn care programe reduced mortality among newborn. Senarath U., et al. (2007) conducted the study to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program for care providers in improving practice of essential newborn care in obstetric units in Puttalam, Sri Lanka. The design used was before-and-after study with an intervention and a control group. A 4-day training program given on essential newborn care for doctors, nurses, and midwives of the obstetric units in two hospitals. The data collected by direct observation, practices of essential newborn care at delivery in the labor room. The evaluation was done by direct observation, practices of essential newborn care at delivery in the labor room. The result showed that the comprehensive 4-day training program showed significant improvement in essential newborn care practices in obstetric units. Uxa, F., et al.(2006) in his articles stated that training of health care professionals and health policy makers in the field of essential newborn care is one of the corner stones of the WHO initiatives making pregnancy safer and promoting effective perinatal care. After the training the positive changes in planning for and delivering neonatal care taking place, even in challenging contexts. Elizabeth, M., Mcclure., et al. (2005) conducted a pre-experimental study to evaluate the educational impact of newborn care among 115 nurses in Global network for women and children health research, Zambia. The post test score for knowledge was increased to 89% from 68% and practices were increased to 81% from 65%. The study concluded that there is improvement of knowledge and practice after essential newborn care training. 2.2 Part II: Reviews related to knowledge and skill of newborn resuscitation among nurses Matendo.,et al.(2011) conducted a secondary analysis on the effect of training of newborn resuscitation program among traditional birth attendants and midwives in Democratic Republic of Congo. The study showed that training midwives and birth attendants reduces newborn mortality. There was a significant decline in newborn mortality during the following newborn resuscitation program training. Kalmbach, K. (2011) stated that, successful resuscitation of newborn infants depends on adequate preparation, exact evaluation and prompt initiation of support by trained personnels, especially by the health care professionals. Adequate ventilation is the most important step in newborn resuscitation. Nelson, C.A., et al. (2011) conducted a pre-experimental study to quantify newborn resuscitation capacity at birthing sites in urban and rural Nepal among health care workers. Assessment included standardized interviews and evaluation of newborn resuscitation areas. The tool was recorded. The study result revealed that , there was a improvement in skill and knowledge, when caregivers have proper training of essential newborn care. Anne., et al. (2011) conducted a systemic review and Delphi estimation of mortality effect of neonatal resuscitaion among 136 million babies born annualy, the study revealed that around 10 million require assistance to breathe and each year 814,000 neonatal deaths due to complication of prematurity. The study concluded that newborn resuscitation training reduces neonatal deaths by 30%. Topyian, A.A., et al. (2010) stated resuscitation training in developing countries, increaesd child survival after resuscitation training, with an absolute risk reduction that ranges from 0% 34%. Further stated that training in developing countries has significantly improved the knowledge and practice of health professionals by reducing the mortality rate. Jukkala, A.M., Henly, S.J (2009) conducted a correlational study on provider readiness for newborn resuscitation among nurses and physician working in rural hospital, USA. The samples were 165 nurses and 59 physicians. Correlation between frequency of skill performance and comfort was higher for nurses than physicians. The study revealed that nurses had significant higher average level of comfort, knowledge and experience. Zaeem-ul-Haq., et al. (2009) conducted a postal survey on evidence for improvement in the quality of care among nurses and doctors from public sector hospitals Islamabad. 90% of the samples reported the use of acquired skills and the structured airway, breathing and circulation approach in handling emergencies. The study concluded that introducction of training program in a resource constrained health care system had improved the emergency management of newborn. Berger, T.M., Pilgrims. (2009) stated almost 10% of all newborn need some form of respiratory assistance after birth, only 1% will need more advanced form of resuscitation. Because these rare events cannot be always anticipated. Pediatricians and neonatologists may not be readily available and resuscitation has to be performed by nurses. Surg. Cdr S Narayanan., et al. (2009) conducted one group pre test and post test design to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching of newborn resuscitation for medical personnel including nursing officers and probationers nurses. The mean pre test score was 9.03 which improved to a mean of 15.53 in post test. Bream, K.D. (2005) conducted a study to assess barriers to and facilitators for newborn resuscitation among nurses in a central hospital in Malawi. The study concluded that solution to barriers included small resources additions as well as term policy changes. With standard protocols, experienced confident nurse could overcome the barriers in providing newborn resuscitation so that it can reduce infant mortality and improve the quality of life of women receiving care in Malawi. Mc.Namara, P.J. (2002) conducted a comparative study on resuscitation and stabilization of premature infants when specialized neonatal retrieval team is in attendance at delivery with immediate resuscitation performed by the referral hospital team. Results showed that the presence of highly skilled transport team at a high risk preterm delivery improves the quality of newborn resuscitation.

The Cold War Era Essay -- United States Soviet History Essays

The Cold War Era Works Cited Missing The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race. On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call to increase technological capabilities to protect the homeland from Soviet attacks and also to prove the United States’ superiority. The United States’ official involvement in what has commonly been termed the â€Å"Space Race† began in 1958 after the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA. When created, NASA immediately began working on the idea of human space flight. The first high profile program was titled Project Mercury. In this program, NASA’s main course of action was to find if human beings were capable of surviving in space. Projects that followed included Project Gemini and Project Apollo [2] and, slowly, America made its way into the forefront of the space race. The sketches and preliminary drawings for Project Mercury are seen to the right. Although ot a new technological advancement, the idea of being able to put human beings into space was a new idea that required an incredible amount of advancement in technological fields not yet understood by man.... ...Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed by the United States and USSR on December 8, 1987 and ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988. This is considered to be the end of the Cold War as the mass elimination of weapons developed during the era commenced, including the elimination of the PERSHING. The last of the PERSHING missiles were eliminated in May 1991. [8] The Cold War Era was an era in which the fear of technology and the impending need for developments became the central focus of the society. This era epitomizes the power technology has over an American society and, consequently, the world. Over twenty years were spent developing technologies to protect the nation against the technologies of another. The impact of technology during this era, although not in every home to the degree that it is today, was one of massive proportions.

Elvis: Americas King :: essays research papers

America’s King Elvis Presley may be the single most important figure in American 20th century popular music. Not necessarily the best and certainly not the most consistent. But no one could argue with the fact that he was the musician most responsible for popularizing rock & roll on an international level. Viewed in cold sales figures, his impact was phenomenal. Dozens upon dozens of international smashes from the mid-'50s to the mid-'70s, as well as the steady sales of his catalog and reissues since his death in 1977, may make him the single highest-selling performer in history. More important from a music lover's perspective, however, are his remarkable artistic achievements. Presley was not the very first white man to sing rhythm & blues; Bill Haley predated him in that regard, and there may have been others as well. Elvis was certainly the first, however, to assertively fuse country and blues music into the style known as rockabilly. While rockabilly arrangements were the foundations of his first (and possibly best) recordings, Presley could not have become a mainstream superstar without a much more varied palette that also incorporated pop, gospel, and even some bits of bluegrass and operatic schmaltz here and there. His 1950s recordings established the basic language of rock & roll; his explosive and sexual stage presence set standards for the music's visual image; his vocals were incredibly powerful and versatile. Unfortunately, to much of the public, Elvis is more icon than artist. Innumerable bad Hollywood movies, increasingly caricatured records and mannerisms, and a personal life that became steadily more sheltered from real-world concerns (and steadily more bizarre) gave his story a somewhat mythic status. By the time of his death, he'd become more a symbol of gross Americana than of cultural innovation. The continued speculation about his incredible career has sustained interest in his life, and supported a large tourist/entertainment industry, that may last indefinitely, even if the fascination is fueled more by his celebrity than his music. Born to a poor Mississippi family in the heart of Depression, Elvis had moved to Memphis by his teens, where he absorbed the vibrant melting pot of Southern popular music in the form of blues, country, bluegrass, and gospel. After graduating from high school, he became a truck driver, rarely if ever singing in public. Some 1953 and 1954 demos, recorded at the emerging Sun label in Memphis primarily for Elvis' own pleasure, helped stir interest on the part of Sun owner Sam Phillips.

Bruce Lee info Essay examples -- essays research papers

What is Jeet Kune Do? Simply put, it's English translation is "way of the intercepting fist." Bruce studies all types of fighting from American Boxing to Thai Kickboxing. His simple philosophy was rather than block a punch and hit back with two distinct motions, why not intercept and hit in one, fluid stroke. Fluidity was the ideal. "Try and obtain a nicely-tied package of water," Bruce would taunt. "Just like water, we must keep moving on," Inosanto reitterates. "For once water stops, it becomes stagnant." Water, Bruce would always give as an example, is the toughtest thing on Earth. It is virtually indestructable; it is soft, yet it can tear rocks apart. Move like water. Bruce dissected rigid classical disciplines and rebuilt them with fluid, po-mo improvements. "It's good but it needs restructuring," he would say. Classical techniques did not take into account the reality of street fighting. Jeet Kune Do did. It was pragmatic, reality-based, empirical- not a bunch of stances, postures and mumbo jumbo handed down from antiquity. Bruce utilized all ways but was bound by none. "Efficiency is anything that scores." Â · What happened with the Martial Arts movie industry after the death of Bruce Lee? After Bruce's death, the Martial Arts movie industry boomed, hundreds of look-alike Bruce's began to try out to make Martial Arts movies. They even used similar names, like Bruce Le, and Bruce L...

Reasons of The Unjustified Crusades Essay

During the middle ages, there have been multiple crusades that happened all over the Middle East. The Crusades were missions led by nobles. All of these crusades were meant to liberate and conquer Jerusalem or also called â€Å"The Holy City†. The first crusade out of the four main crusades came out as a success. The first crusade did conquer Jerusalem at first until it was taken back from them. The other three main crusades ended up as a failure, but the most embarrassing crusade was the fourth for the Christian crusaders fought, attacked and killed other Christians, then stole and looted from the city of Constantinople. Christians believed that they were justified because they thought they were protecting other Christians from the Muslim Turks who were attacking Christian property and being tortured. And, the Crusaders did what the pope said which was believed to be close to Gods words. Christian Pilgrims once were allowed to Jerusalem for a toll but they were robbed, killed , beaten, etc. There were reports of violent attacks on the Christian pilgrims. The Muslims in the other had their own reason that made more sense that the Crusade was unjustified. They’re a vast range of factors on whether the Crusades were justifies or not justified. For the Christians the Crusades is to be justified because of several reasons. The real purpose of the Crusades was to conquer Jerusalem. â€Å"The first crusade was the most successful in that it actually accomplished what it set out to do-conquer Jerusalem†, (Capture) said an unknown witness of the Crusade. It was the most successful crusade. It became a convincing idea to the Roman Catholics. Once the Muslims took over Jerusalem, the Christians thought that the holy land was filled with Turks and Arabs. So, the Pope said it God’s will to go on a Crusade against the Muslims. â€Å"All who die by the way, whether by land or by the sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested,†(Urban II). Pope Urban II himself during the Council at Clermont said this. This encouraged the Europeans to go the Crusades. Before the first Crusade, Al Hakim, an Egyptian ruler, â€Å"ordered  the destruction of the holy sepulcher†. (Al-Hakim-Wikipedia). The Egyptian ruler, Al hakim ordered the destruction of the holy sepulcher which when done, it threatened the Christians and its a property to the Christians which this relates to why the Crusades were launched. The Pope also commanded the Christians to liberate Jerusalem and to kill the vile race so, these points could be argued that the Christian Crusades were justified. Now looking at the Muslim perspective, Muslims believed that the Crusades were not justified at all due to certain factors. One of it is that there were knights in Spain and Italy who ‘took the cross’ and killed Muslims rather than traveling to the holy lands. The pope directly said to the knight that the to kill the Muslim served a high purpose just as regaining control over Jerusalem. â€Å"The clearest sign possible sign of this lies in Urban’s own actions at the very start of the crusading movement: knights who ‘took the cross’ in Spain and Italy were encouraged to fight the Muslims of those areas rather than traveling to the holy lands†(Muslims). The fact that some Knights went to Italy and Spain were encouraged to fight the Muslims proves that the Knights were violent rather than focusing on liberating the ‘holy lands’. Secondly, during the first crusade, there were â€Å"thousands of peasants† and they all had a â€Å"desire to escape their squalid condition† meanwhile, those who were not peasants were mostly the youngest males of the family. They would go because they were â€Å"looking for land and a position in society†. (Textbook page 182 paragraphs 6). This is undeniable evidence that the Knights were on pursuit for personal gain rather than a religious war. The injustice of the crusades is also fed by the fact that the Crusaders who also killed other Christians who were considered to be ‘foreigners’ in the holy lands. This became a major weak point when the Crusaders invaded the holy lands. By all this, the Crusades were totally unjustified because of the Crusades who were focused on gaining personal needs. The reason of why the Crusades were mostly not justified outweighs the reasons of how they were justified. But there are some examples that the Christians have the right to go on the Crusades. The reason is that the Christians showed restraint for many years when their pilgrims were harassed and threatened by the Muslims. Another example of why the Christians could  be said that their acts are justified is because they followed the pope’s orders, which is a bit of a lame excuse comparing to the Muslims side of un-justification. But the Muslims have a stronger argument. Beha-ed-Din a member of Saladin’s court claims that King Richard broke his truce. â€Å"King broke his promises to them and made open display of what he had till now kept hidden in his heart, by carrying out intended to do after he had received the money and the Frank prisoners. It is thus that people of his nation ultimately admitted†, (Slaughter) said Beha-ed-Din. This proved that the Christian leader were untrustworthy. By weighing these two arguments, the Muslim side appears to make more sense. This eventually leads to the decision of the Crusades to be justified. Overall, this is important because we need to know history of the Crusades. Some connections is peasants relating to poor families because, they both join the military in search for a better life or a sense of adventure. Americans could say they are preventing another attack like 9/11 and likewise to the Christian Crusaders. Although, some could argue that the Americans act of violence and the death of many innocent Muslims can be blamed on the US military. Plus, the crusades is also mainly based one’s bias in some cases, A Christian guy would say that the Crusades was justified whereas a Muslim would say the Crusades were totally not justified. Meanwhile, a Hindu for example would say neither side is justified. There is no exact proof of whether the Christians or the Muslims were right. In time the real facts seem to fade and modern historians came up with theories that would fill in the gaps for the war that raged nearly a millennia ago.

Major Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education Essay

Western philosophy has its roots in Athens, Rome and Judeo ­Christianity while Eastern philosophy is derived from Confucianism, Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. As Greek and Latin are to Western civilisation, so classical Chinese is to East Asian civilisation. I will focus on four major differences between Eastern and Western philosophies. 1. Western Individualism and Eastern Collectivism In the Greco‑Roman tradition, the image of Prometheus powerfully illustrates the struggle for individual freedom. Prometheus had gone against Zeus, the all powerful god who ruled the sky from Mt. Olympus. Prometheus annoyed Zeus by creating human beings. To protect the human beings from Zeus, he stole fire from Hephaestos, the blackmith god and gave it to the human beings. This angered Zeus to the extent that Prometheus was chained to a rock and an eagle tore out his liver. In European consciousness, Prometheus had become the hero who: â€Å"†¦defied the patriarchy in the name of individual freedom, who brought light into our darkness. He was the saviour who sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, the benefactor who brought the gift of technology down from heaven, the teacher who taught us that we are not at the whims of the gods any more, who showed us how to use our intelligence to take control of the world†. The Christian tradition has also reinforced the notion of individual rights. The Bible speaks of God creating Man in His own image and letting him â€Å"have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth† (Genesis 1:26). By comparison, the Chinese live in a world of obligations: â€Å"†¦obligations to serve the ruler, obligations to work for the family, obligations to obey elders, obligations to help relatives, obligations to do well to glorify the name of ancestors, obligations to defend the country in times of trouble, and obligations to oneself to cultivate one’s own virtue. It would also seem that rights only belong to one individual ‑ the Son of Heaven. Confucianism promotes conservatism and this stifles creativity and robs the people of self‑introspection. 2. Fragmentary and Holistic According to Fritjof Capra, the emphasis of rational thought is epitomised in Descartes’ celebrated statement,’Cognito, ergo sum’ ‑ ‘I think, therefore, I exist.’ This has forcefully encouraged Westerners to equate their identity with their rational mind rather than with the whole organism. This division between the mind and the body has led to a view of the universe as a mechanical system consisting of separate objects, which in turn were reduced to fundamental building blocks whose properties and interactions were thought to completely determine all natural phenomena. This mechanistic conception of the whole world is still the basis of most of our sciences and continues to have a tremendous influence on our lives. Academic disciplines become fragmented and this has served as a rationale for treating the universe as if it consisted of separate parts to be exploited by different groups. The essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and the mutual inter‑relation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestation of a basic oneness. All things are seen as independent and inseparable parts of a cosmic whole, as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality. The Eastern traditions refer to this ultimate, indivisible reality as Brahman in Hinduism, Dharmakaya in Buddhism and Tao in Taoism. 3. Conflict and Harmony The Marxist view of history saw change as arising from a ‘dialectic ‘interplay of opposites ‑hence class struggle and conflict. Western civilisation based itself on the struggle between the Good and Evil, God and Satan or Psyche and Cupid. Eastern philosophical thought is based on this notion of the Yin and the Yang. Frithjof Capra describes the Yang as the strong,male creative power associated with Heaven while yin is the dark,receptive, female and maternal element. The dark yin and the bright yang are arranged in a symmetrical manner. They are dynamic ‑ a rotating symmetry suggesting very forcefully a continuous cyclic movement.The two dots in the diagram symbolise the idea that each one of the forces reaches its extreme, it contains in itself the seed of the opposite.’Life’ says Chuang Tzu’is the blended harmony of the yin and the yang.’ Taoism permeates the economic and social lives of the Chinese through geomancy, qigong, Chinese medicine and idol worship. As Chan observes:†Almost every hotel, office and commercial building that has gone up within the last decade adheres to certain principles of geomancy or â€Å"Fengshui† ‑ the art and science of harmonising man and nature. 4. Idealism and Pragmatism. The Western idea of democracy does not fit into the Eastern scheme of things easily. In an interview by the Daily Telegraph on 16 October 1989 the former Prime Minister remarked that: I think in a mainly Chinese electorate, the idea of a loyal opposition and an alternative government does not come easily. You’re either for or against the government. The Confucianistic idea of social hierarchy where a person’s existence is relational, extending from his family, society and country. The pragmatism of the East is exemplied in the way Confucianism has been used to emphasize order through social hierarchy and the rules and conventions. Taoism provided the meaning of life and thus compliment Confucianism. Confucius preached the doctrine of the here and now. The emphasis is one of â€Å"life and life† and not â€Å"life and death.† The sage hoped to â€Å"hear the right way in the morning, and die in the evening without regret. â€Å"What lays the foundation of life for the Chinese is the family and the continuation of the family also means the passing on of experience, culture and thought. The Taoists has an equal view of life and death seeing life and death as the coming out and going back of a human form of existence. Chuang Tsu talks of â€Å"coming and going â€Å". Lao Tzu said,†out to life, in to death.† The crux of the matter is to make the best of the present.

Progresso You Gotta Taste This Soup Essay

Progresso grew from an Italian Import Company to a Quality Soup Company with an Italian Heritage. The company seal and name Progresso (meaning â€Å"progress† in Italian) was designed to communicate the vision of progress, a cornerstone of the Progresso philosophy. The first Progresso soups were taken from real family recipes; made with the same ingredients and in the same way as the homemade soups. In 1949 Progresso introduced the first canned ready-to-serve soup in America and has grown to become the No. 1 ready-to-eat soup brand in America by using quality ingredients. Progresso continues to build on its rich history of flavorful products that delight the consumer. Gender & Age: Their commercials appear to target both men and women – mostly women. Those who are middle aged as opposed to teen and younger or senior citizen and those who are looking for something that is nostalgic and from their past. The reason I think they appeal mostly to women is because their message is positive and focuses on how it can improve and help a women’s life. They involve them with the brand and tell stories that resonate with females. One commercial shows a woman in a wedding dress calling to tell the Progresso Soup kitchen thanks for the help to achieve that goal. When the kitchen asks when’s the big day, she says â€Å"Oh, it was years ago, but the dress still fits! † Education & Income: I’m assuming their education levels are higher than high school as many of the commercials show people who are in offices or nice home settings which would mean their income is more middle class as opposed to lower or upper. ? Ethnic Group: Their company history can be traced back to Italy. Their soups like Traditional, Classic and Rich & Hearty all suggest a homemade flavor like Grandma’s. One commercial shows a woman in an office calling the kitchen asking if she can talk to her Grandma. They tell her she’s in the garden picking herbs to which she says, â€Å"She’s so cute, I’ll hold. † In 2010, Progresso stepped up its emphasis on superior taste with the rollout of World Recipes soups and the first four are Mexican-inspired flavors. Psychographics: I think the customers Progresso is reaching out to are Thinkers, Achievers and Believers. All three of these have similar qualities; conservative, focus on family, tradition. Thinkers and Achievers look further for functionality, value and brands that demonstrate success to their peers. One commercial shows how a soup with fiber doesn’t have to compromise good taste making it convenient for consumers to get more fiber in their diets while enjoying a wholesome, satisfying meal. Believers also favor American-made products and here’s where I think Progresso’s packaging is effective. The can colors are blue, the lettering is mostly white and their Progresso banner resembles a flag and has red trim – what is more American than Red, White & Blue? Benefit Segmentation & Usage: Progresso focuses on the advantages their customers receive rather on the characteristics of the customers themselves; mostly weight loss and receiving fresh ingredients. One commercial shows a guy calling to ask if the clams are fresh in his Clam Chowder soup. The kitchen â€Å"connects† him to the boat to talk to the captain. ? Product Positioning Progresso Soups have almost 50 flavors from which to choose and seven categories, each targeting a different market segment: Traditional, Vegetable Classics, Rich & Hearty, Reduced Sodium, Light, High Fiber and World Recipes. Their biggest attribute is their endorsement from Weight Watchers. They are the only soup endorsed by Weight Watchers. As for their competition, they show contrast by showing their soup is for grownups and it’s better than condensed soup (Campbells Chicken & Stars). They show different uses for their soup by creating recipes that can be found on Pillsbury. com or WeightWatchersOnline. com. Their price/quality relationship is shown when their commercials show whole, fresh vegetables going into the top of the can and their tagline over the years has been â€Å"It’s time to go to the better taste of Progresso. † Their product user is targeted, I think, to those who are looking for their past weight. Progresso Soup is a sponsor for The Biggest Loser and they hold contests for people who’ve lost weight using their product to receive makeovers. One lady who won said she had to â€Å"get my life back† and this was easy. Many of their commercials suggest that one will lose weight by eating Progresso. One shows a woman calling the kitchen to say her husband has been eating their soup and now looks like he did 20 years ago. Not only that, he’s wearing the clothes he wore 20 years ago and when the other can phone rings it’s him to say, â€Å"Relax and enjoy the view! † The funniest part, he’s wearing clothes from the 70’s complete with tube socks. Another is when a lady calls the kitchen to say she’s been eating Progresso and now her favorite old jeans fit. It’s easy to see that there are many benefits when eating Progresso Soups; as they said in their commercials from the 80’s, â€Å"P. S. I love you. †