Gender Roles in Manuel Puig's The Kiss of the Spider Woman Essay

Gender Roles in Manuel Puig's The Kiss of the Spider Woman - Essay Example So, the author continues, "En cambio, un homosexual, con fijacin femenina, si, todava, puede defender esa ideologa, porque, como desea ser mujer, pero no puede realizar la experiencia de sea mujer, no puede llegar a desengaarse y sigue el engavio, en el sueiio de que la realizacin de la mujer esta en encontrar un hombre que la va a guiar y que se va a ocupar de ella, lo cual es buscar un padre y no un compaero" (Osario, p. 53). Puig subtly unfolds another aspect of his project: writing about a homosexual. It does not stop surprising us how or why this aspect of his writing has to be grounded with an explanation "beforehand!" That is, by framing the homosexual character of the novel, Molina, first, as "a feminine character who still believed in the existence of a superior man" and, then, as a "homosexual, with feminine fixations," Puig is showing us a certain anxiety regarding homosexuality in his writing. Puig's presentation of Molina is an excuse. It is important to highlight this particular moment in the author's explanation (or excuse) for the homosexual subject because, after presenting such a brilliant feminist reading of the homosocial valorisation of the superior macho, he almost obsessively and uncritically positions the homosexual within the heterosexual matrix as produced by the Oedipal complex--the Freudian "structure" of which he is critical in the footnotes of El beso. How do we reconcile both of the author's positions--on the one hand, his more challenging perspective that informs the construction of masculinity as the fantasy of the homosocial; on the other hand, a reductive and misogynist reading of male homosexuality as a desire to become and appropriate .the "feminine" Moreover, how do we read homosexuality outside the Oedipal complex When we consider the question of sexuality in the text, we must look not simply at writing about homosexual themes or a homosexual character in a "popular" novel, but--and more importantly--the author's own gayness. A consideration of sexual difference as epistemology illuminates our critical reading of a text (Sedgwick, 1991). Along these lines, a reading of El beso de la mujer araa must not only focus on the construction of Molina's sexual identity, the homosexual "with feminine fixations" as a performer of transvestism; but, also, analyze the transvestitic performance of Valentin as a Marxist. This essay will show that ideology--in this case, oppositional revolutionary politics-signals a transvestitic performance; and, that this ideological transvestism necessarily sublimates the homoerotics of any heterosexual male encounter. That is, every male "event" connotes a hidden homosexual embrace. The politics of denying this embrace shamelessly produce the language of sexism and homoph obia. The structure of the El beso de la mujer araa is simple: Valentin, a political prisoner, and Molina share a cell where Molina's retelling of B-movies make the time spent there easier. Before looking at some of the stories told by the prisoners, I would like to evaluate the importance the prison takes as a site of narration. One cannot help thinking of an Arcipreste de Hita or a Cervantes who wrote his masterpiece in/from prison. The architectural design of a prison influences Molina's fantastic story-telling: the close walls must be transcended with complex narratives and performances (Merrim, 1981). If spaces can be labelled "heterosexual," "lesbian," "educational,"

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay

Cadbury Company In Indian And International Market Marketing Essay The main aim of this assignment is to analysing, describing, introducing about Cadbury company in Indian and international market as a leading chocolate brand but main focus on Indian market. This summary elaborate all about Cadburys marketing plans that how they design successful marketing. marketing strategy that they describe how maximize product manufacturing efficiency with minimization malfunctioning and what ideas behind developing market, media technology that describe why how important role in advertising, manufacturing process goods delivery, product promotion this impact regard with current and future marketing objective to create customer vale in the market. Cadbury company is second more demanding company of chocolate in the market. It has largest share price in Indian market that is near about 75 percent of total market share, which indicate customers attraction in its product which easily available in the market. The idea behind this situation is its affordable price of product with more customer satisfaction as compare with other competitor like AMUL, NESTLE etc., (kotler, 34 cadbury) Cadbury company has main objective to launch successful product in the market with specified time period. It apply effective marketing strategy to perform target objective plan, apart from this, it also apply ecommerce strategy for analyzing product performance growth or financial condition of the market. Cadbury company aware about marketing condition regarding their product and always try to give more quality product in the market and get more financial budget. Marketing strategy is very much related with marketing objective. Marketing strategy is basically describe logic (thinking) of manager by which company create and achieve customer and relationships respectively. This is very useful for achieving accomplish target market. Below are some marketing strategy points which is use by the Cadbury company; Cadbury is confectionaries company so its market segment basically realize on children, adult and on female population due to wide consumption source of chocolate. It has also target to expand market in rural areas. There are different types of customer and their different need. So Cadbury Company classified the customers need or requirement on the basis of different chocolate category like geographic ( moulded milk, wafer category) and demographic that is given below. Cadbury Company adopts innovative technology by customers, markets, and suppliers demand to unify and modified business and business strategy (it is planning by manager that can reduce complexity and make planning for future development) respectively. Technology implementations provide productivity increases during manufacturing with the help of innovative or modified instrumentation and machinery and also provide against malfunctioning. protect data against unsecure threat which can never accepted by Cadbury company, and more benefits to the Cadbury organisation in different area like create new product by customer demand and take more than acceptable benefits, Cadbury use reposition method to protect market share against competition. They use technology to provide cost reduction production by automation process with high accuracy and more perfection in quality product, and also use for innovative delivery that related with fast and time management delivery as per consumer demand. C adbury accept wide range of technology like PLC (programmable logic control), SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), and DCS (distributed control system) for minimization in malfunctioning during manufacturing of product this control system also provide successful and perfection rapper of the product. They also prefer technology that enable time to time information sharing with employee, improve communication between members, and all process should be easy to execute without taking any risk. Cadbury Company has wide range of information technology system by that they are able to keep all information about all loyal/ existing customers and all new customers. In Cadbury company media technology play very vital role for marketing communication by which they attempt to inform and persuade customer or consumers directly as well as indirectly about their products and brand with the help of media. In an indirect marketing Cadbury prefer word of mouth system in this way, people to people or customer to customer oral and written communication. In a direct marketing Cadbury prefer Personal selling system in this way, Cadbury representative make face to face interaction with one or more purchasers for the purpose of making presentation and procuring orders. Innovative Technological market system, Cadbury give first preference of this media technique for marketing advertisement that this direct marketing system to improve their marketing by use of electronic shopping, TV shopping, telephone, fax, e-mail or internet to communicate directly with solicit to his customer. Public relations and publicity system, Cadbury recommend this system to promote his particular products by the arrange of seminars, speeches, and banners decoration in famous stores or shops (super markets) and famous street etc. Cadbury company promote his particular brand product with the help of sponsors during special occasion or events like sports (cricket, football, etc.), entertainment (TV shows), festivals, etc. They also recommend promotion of his product by sales promotion like fair trade, demonstration, etc. So advertisement is main tools for Cadbury Company to promote his brand image to all over the world. Plan to expand business as in marketspace (digital i.e. shopping by internet) and also in marketplace (physical i.e. shopping in store). Generally their more concentration on e-commerce business regarding future marketing. E-commerce business is nothing but it is on-line market which are prefer by more urban area customers and sometime rural area customer also take advantage in this innovative marketing strategy, this is time saving strategy, this is more valuable because todays customer has no time for shopping, so this modern era is very effective. In this type of marketing there is no requiring more space and big office, only need for computers and internet connection. The main goal of this strategy is to provide enhance business marketing with customers valuable feedback. This marketing always cheaper than store market price. It always intend to care about customer satisfaction and there value of the money so they always keep focus and provide cost effective and benefit considerable product in the market. Cadbury company also offering exchange marketing strategy by that customer can get benefits with new product by exchange with old product, example old or expiry date chocolate replace with new fresh chocolate. Price reduction strategy without affecting quality is the main concern factor and that can be happen by the new offers, discount and implement nearest logistics and distribution centre. They has modified distribution centre with technological effect by that customer or logistics can communicate information about product go to the market easily without any barrier. The idea behind this communication is to provide chocolate more social cultural product in the market. Cadbury organisation has special team for market inspection that they always try to find weakness (linkage in packaging, numbers of bytes are broken, not able to stay long in outer environments) in the product and their remedies. So that customers get much more quality product from Cadbury company. The new ideas come through customer suggestion response in that they describe problems regarding product so that Cadbury Company gives first customer priority. Apart from customer suggestion Cadbury also follow opinion from scientist, media agencies, etc. New product (develop variety of different flavour chocolate) creation is one of the best strategy parts of Cadbury organisation as in the developing edge because new products create new market that allow to Cadbury company enter established strong market and provide cost reduction on new product. They have separate team work, which is only consider and search children demand and test because children like most chocolate. The future strategy against competitor is main aim of Cadbury company, to improve their performance better than other organisation by their perfection in quality product, reasonable price of the product, promotion as high as possible with technological innovative media, services that should never down in the future, response speed more higher than other company or organisation during goods delivery, high level of duties during any complain from customers. They strategy also aware about market share value that depend on separate area and they wish to increase market share value in future that are depend on urban and rural area where crowd, child young youth population is high. Generally these people recommend brand position with quality so Cadbury Company intend to expand brand position quality in the market with some offers gifting process. The above descriptions illustrate the future strategy and how effect improvement in future marketing operation profit of the Cadbury Company. The same time management also perform their role that check inner firm environment condition i.e. relation between employee or staff his working performance, focus on business strength, focus on product weakness, financial, share price and manufacturing condition and outer firm environment i.e. market condition, customer attraction, etc. indeed Cadburys management department duly concerned there place about chocolate in globally market place. They aim is to find opportunity in international market with above strategy through higher quality, better service, lower price, higher market share, continuous product variation improvement, regular product innovation, entering high growth markets and more customer expectation to make brand more demanded.

the organisation :: essays research papers

In a time of peace and prosperity one of the most brutal organisations ever known to man was formed. An organisation made up of murders, theives, and rapists. The organization we’ve come to know as the â€Å"Nazis†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On January 2,1919, two men by the names of Karl Harrer and Anton Drexler founded a group called the â€Å"German Workers’ Party†. It started out as nothing more than a few blue collar workers getting together to gripe about the government. Anton Drexler was described by Robert Leckie in his book delivered from evil as a toolmaker in the munich railyard a working man. He was a tall, spare man, as undistinguished as his dab of mustache and rimless glasses.(38)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But this harmless simple group was about to take a turn for the worse. On september 19,leured by the possibility to make hisself known, Adolf Hitler joined the german workers’ party. Moving quick Hitler soon became the public speaker for the party. With obtaining this position Hitler could finaly let the people hear his views. When he outlined the parties platform he put the german workers’ party in a positon to become a political power in germany and capitalizing on this oppertunaty they changed their names from german workers’ party to the National Socalist German workers’ party, which would soon become known as the Nazi party.(lace 9)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing more was heard from germanys Nazi party for another three years untill the morning of november 8, 1923, when a column of three thousand Nazis marched toward Munich’s central plaza. Arm-in-arm infront were Ludendorff, Goring, Hitler, and max von scheubner-Richter the four leaders of the Nazi party. At the odenplatz they found their way barred by a hundredd police armed with bayonets fixed to their rifles. As the two forces were about to come together, a shot rang out no one could tell from which side. In an instant there were volleys of gunfire from both directions. Goring fell, shot in the thigh, scheubner-richter was fatally wounded and, in falling, dragged Hitler to the pavement and separated his shoulder. Nineteen Nazis were killed and dozens were wounded. Only lundendorff continued to march forward and was arrested on the spot. The so- called â€Å"Beer Hall Putsch† had failed. Two days later Hitler was arrested. Goring and Hess fled to Austria. Rohm and the other top Nazis were rounded up and arrested. The party was declared banned by the government.

Historical Overview of Montessori Method

ALPNA KUMAR Section 1, Part 1, Lesson 1 August 8, 2012 Lesson 1: Historical Overview of Montessori Method Write a chronological overview (time line) of Maria Montessori’s life and work. Indicate the life events you feel were most significant in her development of the Montessori Method of education. Describe how Montessori developed her approach. Include the factors occurring at that time in the world that contributed to the method’s popular acceptance.Education being a necessary part of our lives, there has been several ways to teach a child and thus creating a teacher dominant learning. But, it was about a century ago when a revolutionary thought â€Å"teacher within† came to existence. It was the one woman who changed the world with her new innovative method of teaching and would break the stereotype in teaching method. This was Maria Montessori who developed Montessori Method of teaching with a firm belief in the motto â€Å"Within the child lies the fate of future†.Montessori Method focuses on the idea that children learn best when they are placed in an environment full of learning activities and given the freedom to work on their own. Montessori model believed that children at liberty to choose and act freely within an environment prepared accordingly would act spontaneously for optimal development. Montessori education is characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural  psychological  development, as well as technological advancements in society.Although a range of practices exists under the name â€Å"Montessori†, the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) and the American Montessori Society (AMS) cite these elements as essential [1, 2]: Mixed age classrooms, with classrooms for children aged 3 to 6 years old by far the most common, student choice of activity from within a prescribed range of options, a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"constructivism†Ã‚  or â€Å"di scovery† model, where students learn concepts from working with materials, rather than by direct instruction and specialized educational materials developed by Montessori and her collaborators.To understand Montessori Method it would be necessary to know how it came to existence and what the underlying principles behind this method are. Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori was born on August 31, 1870, in Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, 33 years old at the time, was an official of the Ministry of Finance working in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well educated for the times and was probably related to Italian geologist and paleontologist  Antonio Stoppani.Her father did not believe that women should receive higher education. However, her mother, fully supported Maria in all her endeavors. Montessori's was educated as a doctor, but went on to start her own preschool. She believed children should not be tre ated as receptors of knowledge from the teacher, but instead should be leaders of their own learning. Her philosophy has been embraced in schools around the world [3]. Maria Montessori was always a little ahead of her time. At age thirteen, against the wishes of her father but with the support of her mother, she began to attend a boys' technical school.At that time schools had very few teaching supplies, like books and writing supplies. Children had to learn everything by memorization. Girls were taught skills like sewing or knitting, while only boys were encouraged to study math, science, and other technical subjects. Maria fought for her right to study math and science. She was supported whole-heartedly by her mother to continue studying these subjects, and her father grudgingly permitted her to do so. Maria originally intended to become an engineer, but her interests soon shifted to the field of medicine.Her desire to become a doctor was unprecedented for a woman in Italy at the time. Maria was allowed to attend medical school only after the intervention of the Pope. Because her attendance of classes with men in the presence of a naked body was deemed inappropriate, she was required to perform her dissections of cadavers alone. In addition to the isolation, she found she had another problem. She was repelled by the smell of the anatomy hall. When this became too complicated she tried smoking herself. Due to all these challenges, her interests turned to pediatrics and psychiatry.This would be the beginning of her lifelong work with children [4]. After graduating from the University of Rome in 1896, Montessori continued with her research at the University's psychiatric clinic, and in 1897 she was accepted as a voluntary assistant there. Maria opened her own medical clinic to treat children. In 1897, she became an assistant doctor at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. She began visiting asylums for mentally challenged and handicapped children. M aria observed that the living conditions for these children were miserable.The patients were kept like prisoners in dark, bare rooms with nothing to stimulate them. She observed that it was not the medical problem but rather pedagogical one. It was this time when she came across the work of two French doctors Edward Seguin and Jean Itard’s experiments to educate defective children. Maria observed these children picking up crumbs off of the floor and playing with them. She realized that the children were using the crumbs as toys. Maria realized that these children needed a special school that would meet their needs.While working at the asylum, Maria was introduced to the methods and materials developed by Jean Itard and Edward Seguin, who had trained defective children years before. Later she would use a similar approach to work with normal children. Keeping a busy schedule, Maria had little outside social life. She became close friends with her colleague, Giuseppe Montesano w ith whom she had an illegitimate child. They never married, and in 1898 she gave birth to her son Mario. Fearing that news of her child would ruin her reputation and career, she felt forced to send him to the countryside and could not visit him very often.Deprived of being with her son, her desire to work with children increased. She designed new teaching materials like shapes to hold, laces to tie, beads to thread, and letters to feel. She believed that they learned better through their five senses first. Maria noticed that the children were interested in the letters, which they thought of as new toys. These children began to write letters with chalk on a board. She began to wonder if the teaching methods she used would work with typically developing kids [5]. In 1907 Maria started her own school, Casa dei Bambini, in the slums of the San Lorenzo district of Rome.A few bankers who were building cheap housing for the poor and homeless granted her a single room where she had to teach 50 impoverished children from the slums. Maria was asked to keep an eye on these children while their parents were. Maria kept observing and experimenting with these kids. She brought in light, child-sized furniture and tools for these children and taught them grace and hygiene. She had low open shelves and cabinets made for this classroom so that the children could choose and reach materials by themselves.Children were even given responsibilities like preparing and serving their own snacks and tidying up the classroom. Maria prided herself on the independence of her students. She wrote, â€Å"The greatest sign of success for a teacher is to be able to say, ‘The children are now working as if I did not exist. ’† Using the three-dimensional letters, the 4 and 5-year-old children from the slums were teaching themselves how to read and write. This was considered a miracle, because until that time, children were never taught to read or write before the age of six.Ma ny people began to flock to the Casa dei Bambini to witness the â€Å"miracle†. They could not believe that children from the slums had such grace and good manners, and were reading and writing at such an early age. These underprivileged children showed that they had the potential to become respectable citizens of Italy instead of thieves and criminals. Many people saw the children working and learning in harmony and realized that the Montessori Method of education had the ability to cure the social ills of society.Due to the success and popularity of the Montessori Method in Europe, other countries like China, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States by 1911 applied the Montessori Method eagerly to their educational systems. Montessori’s books were translated into 23 languages to meet the overwhelming international demand for her teaching method. Unfortunately, Maria Montessori was forced to leave Italy because she refused to support the Fascist regime of Mussolini. Upon the invitation of Mahatma Gandhi, Montessori travelled to India with her son in 1939 to train teachers.She stayed there for seven years. For her lifetime of commitment to the education of children, Maria was nominated for the Noble peace Prize in 1949, 1950 and 1951. After dedicating her life to the education of children, Maria Montessori died in Holland in 1952. Maria Montessori passed away over 50 years ago, but her legacy lives on to this day. Montessori’s revolutionary ideas about children and their instinctive desire to learn have transcended time. Montessori schools operate worldwide now, and even schools that do not label themselves â€Å"Montessori† are using some of her methods to teach children.If her methods are used correctly, every child can reach their potential to the fullest. As Montessori herself once said, â€Å"Free the child’s potential, and you will transform him into the world†. Bibliography†¦.. [1]†AMI Sc hool Standards†. Association Montessori Internationale-USA (AMI-USA). [2]†Introduction to Montessori†. American Montessori Society (AMS). [3]http://www. biography. com/people/maria-montessori-9412528. [4]Kramer, R. – Maria Montessori: A Biography – New York: Putnam, 1976. [5]Barbara O'Connor, Sara Campitelli – Mammolina: A Story about Maria Montessori – Carolrhoda Books, 1993.

Seven Organizational Approaches Hca/220

Seven Organizational Approaches The seven organizational approaches consist of theses: 1. Body planes and body direction 2. Body cavities 3. Quadrants and regions 4. Anatomy and physiology 5. Microscopic to macroscopic 6. Body system 7. Medical specialties The body planes and body directions are used to study by dividing it with planes when in an anatomical position. Coronal plane or frontal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body front and back. The front of the body is the anterior or ventral. The back of the body is the posterior or the dorsal. Laying face down is the prone position.Lying on the back is dorsal supine. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that dividends the body into right and left section. The body cavities consist of seven cavities. Cranial cavity is within the bony cranium. This contains the brain, cranial nerves, as well as other structures. Spinal cavity is the continuation of the cranial cavity, it travels sown the midline of the back. Spinal cavity i s within the bones of spinal column. This contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves. Thoracic cavity is within the chest surrounded by the breast bone (sternum) anteriorly, ribs, bones of the spinal column posteriorly.Thoracic cavity contains the lungs. Abdominal cavity is within the abdomen. Pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdomen cavity. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic (hip) bone. The abdominopelvic cavity contains organs of the gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary system. These internal organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are known as the viscera. You can study the human body by Quadrants and Regions. You have the four quadrants which include the left upper and left lower quadrants and the right upper and right lower quadrants.There are also nine regions which include the right and left hypochondriac regions, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions, the umbilical region, the right and left inguinal or iliac regions, and hypogastric regio n. Anatomy and Physiology are way you can study the human body as well. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. Microscopic to Macroscopic is a way the human body can be studied according to its smallest part and how they combine to make larger and more complex structures and systems.Body systems are another way the human body can be studied according to its various structures and how they function together as a whole. The following are a list of body systems: Gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, lymphatic system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, male genital and reproductive system, female genital and reproductive system, endocrine system, eyes, ears, nose, and throat system. The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine.

Communication Process Paper Essay Example

Communication Process Paper Essay Example Communication Process Paper Essay Communication Process Paper Essay Communication is important within all organizations, therefore an organizations communication process may be unique to that organization. Discussion includes the communication climate of Upshaw Processing as a whole. In addition, discussion includes the strengths and weaknesses of Upshaw’s communication. Discussion includes the contributions of management, supervisors, and employees that include an effective communication process. In addition, discussion includes an example that supports the communication process. Communication Climate The communication climate in Upshaw Processing may be formal or informal, depending on the employees working. Upshaw Processing is a small family business; therefore, most of the employees are family members except during deer season when non-family employees work. The use of informal channels of communication occurs during off-season when workers include family members, whereas during deer season, formal channels of communication occur when workers include non-family members. Formal channels are established by the organization and transmit messages that are related to the professional activities of the members† (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 353). â€Å"Informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices† (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 353). Strengths of Communication The communication at Upshaw Processing may reach a high level of success before and during deer season. During deer season many customers visit the processing business, therefore communication is important for the success of the business. Lack of communication during deer season may cause confusion with the customers, employees, and owners. Communication is important because during deer season the activity increases to a high level. Employees are helping customers who are dropping off a deer for processing, employees are helping customers who are picking up a deer, and employees are helping to process other deer. The use of formal channel communication is important during deer season because of the high level of activity, otherwise a customer may pick up the wrong deer. Weaknesses of Communication Although communication levels are strong at Upshaw Processing, at times a weakness in communication may appear. Noise may cause a weakness in communication, whereas the employee may not understand the instructions from the supervisor. The weakness in communication may cause the loss of customers and money for the business. By using the Wheel of formal communication, Upshaw Processing weeds out the weaknesses in communication, otherwise the success of the business would be at risk. By weeding out the weakness in communication, the owners of Upshaw Processing are guaranteeing the success of the business. Effective Communication Of the Three Common Small-Group Networks, the use of the Wheel works for the processing business, therefore the owner relays messages to all employees. The use of the Wheel Network insures that all employees receive and understand the message from the start. Communication during the off-season is successful because employees are family members and know the job details for success. Long time employees learn to read the nonverbal actions of the owners and other employees, therefore spoken words may not occur for the communication to be successful. Example of Support An example of support for the communication climate within the processing business; employees are working and a customer comes in to pick up a deer, a certain employee will wash and wait on the customer. The employee returns to the owner to see what tub number holds the customers deer, and then retrieves the deer from the freezer. The employee collects the money for the processing fee and hands the money to the owner. The owner instructs a certain employee on the conduction of the collection process, therefore the action of communication of collection is successful. In addition to the above example, the owners instruct skinning room employees on the deer skinning process. Clear communication is important in the deer skinning process for the safety of the employees. Deer skinning involves the use of sharp knives, therefore an employee must understand the deer skinning process to work that area of the business. Conclusion The success of an organization requires communication, whereas each organization may practice a different type of communication process. Discussion includes information concerning the communication climate at Upshaw Processing. In addition, discussion includes the strengths and weaknesses of communication within Upshaw Processing. Discussion includes the effective communication process of the supervisor, manager, and employees. In conclusion, discussion includes an example that supports the communication process. Reference Robbins, S. P. Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Retrieved October 2010 from University of Phoenix Materials, e-Book Collection

The U.S. Midterm Elections and Their Importance

The U.S. Midterm Elections and Their Importance The U.S. midterm elections give Americans the opportunity to rearrange the political makeup of the U.S. Congress in both the Senate and the House of Representatives  every two years. Examples of Midterm Election Impact Falling right in the middle of the four-year term of the President of the United States, the midterm elections are often viewed as an opportunity to express satisfaction or frustration with the presidents performance. In practice, it is not uncommon for the minority political party (the party not controlling the White House) to gain seats in Congress during the midterm election. In each midterm election, one-third of the 100 Senators (who serve six-year terms), and all 435 Members of the House of Representatives (who serve for two years) are up for reelection. Election of Representatives Since becoming federal law in 1911, the number of members in the U.S. House of Representatives has remained at 435. All 435 representatives are up for reelection in each mid-term congressional election. The number of representatives from each state is determined by the states population as reported in the decennial U.S. Census. Through a process called apportionment, each state is divided into a number of congressional districts. One representative is elected from each congressional district. While all registered voters in a state may vote for senators, only the registered voters residing in the congressional district that the candidate will represent may vote for representatives. As required by Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, to be elected as a U.S. Representative a person must be at least 25 years of age when sworn in, have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and must be a resident of the state from which he or she is elected. Election of Senators There is a total of 100 U.S. Senators, two representing each of the 50 states. In the midterm election, approximately one-third of the senators (who serve for six years) is up for reelection. Because their six-year terms are staggered, both senators from a given state are never up for reelection at the same time. Prior to 1913 and the ratification of the 17th Amendment, U.S. Senators were selected by their state legislatures, rather than by a direct vote of the people they would represent. The Founding Fathers felt that since the senators represented an entire state, they should be elected by a vote of the state legislature. Today, two senators are elected to represent each state and all registered voters in the state may vote for senators. Election winners are determined by the plurality rule. This means the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election. For example, in an election with three candidates, one candidate may receive only 38 percent of the vote, another 32 percent, and the third 30 percent. Although no candidate has received more than 50 percent of the votes, the candidate with 38 percent wins because he or she won the most, or a plurality of, votes. In order to run for the Senate, Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution requires that a person be at least 30 years old by the time he or she takes the oath of office, be a citizen of the United States for at least nine years, and be a resident of the state from which he or she is elected. In Federalist No. 62, James Madison justified these more stringent qualifications for senators by arguing that the senatorial trust called for a greater extent of information and stability of character. About the Primary Elections In most states, primary elections are held to determine which congressional candidates will be on the final mid-term election ballot in November. If a partys candidate is unopposed, there may not be a primary election for that office. Third-party candidates are chosen by their partys rules, while independent candidates may nominate themselves. Independent candidates and those representing minor parties must meet various state requirements to be placed on the general election ballot. For example, they may be required to present a petition bearing the signatures of a certain number of registered voters.